ABSTRACT The fruit of the Vaccinium floribundum Kunth “pushgay” is part of the group of native berries, which has a large amount of antioxidants, much greater than the blueberries that are currently exported to different countries. The objective of this study was the determination of the physicochemical parameters and the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the plant extract of Vaccinium floribundum Kunth. Extracts were prepared by maceration from freeze-dried fruits, using 50%, 70% and 96% ethanol as a solvent. The extracts presented similar values of relative density, total solids, refractive index, degrees Brix and pH. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugars, tannins, amino compounds and heterosides, highlighting phenolic compounds and flavonoids with relevant antioxidant capacity. The 50% extract had a higher content of total phenols (38,131 ± 0,242 mg GAE/g extract); as well as, greater antioxidant capacity by the DPPH method (TEAC 28089,156 ± 147,482 μg/mL). The 96% extract presented (TEAC 13609,683 ± 21,669 μg/mL). It is concluded that the 50% hydroalcoholic extract of pushgay has greater antioxidant capacity that maintains a correlation with the amount of phenolic compounds with the DPPH method.

RESUMEN El fruto del Vaccinium floribundum Kunth “pushgay”, integra al grupo de los berries nativos, el cual presenta una gran cantidad de antioxidantes, mucho mayor que los arándanos que actualmente se exportan a diferentes países. El objetivo de este estudio fue la determinación de los parámetros fisicoquímicos y la capacidad antioxidante in vitro del extracto vegetal del Vaccinium floribundum Kunth. Se prepararon extractos por maceración a partir de frutos liofilizados, usando como solvente etanol al 50 %, 70 % y 96 %. Los extractos presentaron valores similares de densidad relativa, sólidos totales, índice de refracción, grados Brix y pH. El tamizaje fitoquímico evidenció la presencia de carbohidratos, azúcares reductores, taninos, compuestos amino y heterósidos, destacando los compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides de relevante capacidad antioxidante. El extracto al 50 % presentó mayor contenido de fenoles totales (38,131 ± 0,242 mg GAE/g extracto); así como, mayor capacidad antioxidante por el método DPPH (TEAC 28089,156 ± 147,482 μg/mL). El extracto al 96 % presento (TEAC 13609,683 ± 21,669 μg/mL). Se concluye que el extracto hidroalcohólico del pushgay al 50 % presenta mayor capacidad antioxidante que sostiene correlación con la cantidad de compuestos fenólicos con el método de DPPH.

Abstract Peru is home to six of the main genetic clusters of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) and is an important exporter of fine-flavor cocoa varieties. Two varieties of Peruvian native cocoa, in high demand for the fine chocolate market, grow in the regions of Bagua (Amazonas) and Quillabamba (Cusco). The main chemical and organoleptic characteristics of these two varieties were determined. Cocoa pastes and chocolates made with cocoa from these regions were subjected to chemical proximate analysis and determination of fatty acid profile, theobromine, caffeine, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and main sensory attributes. A multiple factor analysis (MFA) was applied to the data. Samples from Quillabamba differ from those of Bagua mainly by having a higher fat and lower theobromine content. The main sensory attributes detected for Bagua samples that differ from, those of Quillabamba were fruity, acidic, astringent, and bitter notes.

Abstract: “Kañiwa" (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is a very nutritious Andean grain characterized by its high protein content and good amino acid profile. The diversity of this species has been characterized by agro-morphological and genomic studies, which are not completely efficient to discriminate between accessions and varieties. Metabolomics is currently used as an additional tool for species delimitation. In this sense, in the present work a non- targeted metabolomic analysis of two varieties of kañiwa (“Ramis” and “Chilliwa”) from the department of Puno, Peru was carried out. For the analysis, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry with Orbitrap analyzer (UHPLC-HRMS) was used. The MSDIAL and MSFINDER software were used to identify the metabolites. The chemical profiles obtained were summarized in a single table for statistical analysis with the SIMCA P software. The OPLS-DA statistical model allowed the classification of both varieties of kañiwa and the S-plot graph showed the main putative biomarkers for discrimination of both varieties. The metabolite delfinidine-O-(6''-O-α- ramnopyranosyl-β-glucopyranoside) was identified as one of the main biomarkers for kañiwa “Ramis”.

Resumen: La “kañiwa” (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) es un grano andino muy nutritivo caracterizado por su alto contenido de proteínas y buen perfil de aminoácidos. La diversidad de esta especie viene siendo caracterizada por estudios agro-morfológicos y genómicos, los cuales no son completamente eficientes para discriminar entre las accesiones y variedades. Actualmente se utiliza la metabolómica como una herramienta adicional para la delimitación de especies. En tal sentido, en el presente trabajo se llevó a cabo el análisis metabolómico “non-targeted” de dos variedades de kañiwa (“Ramis” y “Chilliwa”) provenientes del departamento de Puno, Perú. Para el análisis se utilizó la cromatografía líquida de ultra-alta performance acoplada a la espectrometría de masas de alta resolución con analizador Orbitrap (UHPLC-HRMS). Para la identificación de los metabolitos se utilizaron los softwares MSDIAL y MSFINDER. Los perfiles químicos obtenidos fueron resumidos en una sola tabla para su análisis estadístico con el software SIMCA P. El modelo estadístico OPLS-DA permitió la clasificación de ambas variedades de kañiwa y el gráfico S-plot puso en evidencia los principales biomarcadores putativos para la discriminación de ambas variedades. El metabolito delfinidina-O-(6''-O-α-ramnopiranosil-β-glucopiranósido) fue identificado como uno de los principales biomarcadores para la kañiwa “Ramis”.